In interpreting a state statute, administrative rule, or policy, a state court or an officer hearing an administrative action may consider, but may not defer to, a state agency's interpretation of the statute, rule, or policy, and must instead interpret its meaning and effect de novo. In actions brought by or against state agencies, after applying all customary tools of interpretation, the court or hearing officer must exercise any remaining doubt in favor of a reasonable interpretation that is consistent with an individual's fundamental constitutional rights. 19